Sheriff Sales in 1974. Pascavage. Reading Pa 19605

Not to exist confused with Sherif.

Government official in some countries with historical ties to England

A sheriff is a government official, with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England where the office originated. At that place is an coordinating, although independently developed, office in Iceland that is commonly translated to English equally sheriff, and this is discussed beneath.

Description [edit]

Historically, a sheriff was a legal official with responsibility for a shire, the term existence a contraction of "shire reeve" (Old English scīrgerefa ).^{[one] [2]}

In British English, the political or legal function of a sheriff, term of office of a sheriff, or jurisdiction of a sheriff, is called a shrievalty^[3] in England and Wales, and a sheriffdom^[4] in Scotland.

In mod times, the specific combination of legal, political and ceremonial duties of a sheriff varies profoundly from state to land.

• In England, Northern Ireland, or Wales, a sheriff (or loftier sheriff) is a formalism county or city official.
• In Scotland, sheriffs are judges.^[five]
• In the Republic of Republic of ireland, in some counties and in the cities of Dublin and Cork, sheriffs are legal officials similar to bailiffs.
• In the United States, a sheriff is a sworn law enforcement officer whose duties vary across states and counties. A sheriff is mostly an elected county official, with duties that typically include policing unincorporated areas, maintaining county jails, providing security to courts in the county, and (in some states) serving warrants and court papers. In add-on to these policing and correction services, a sheriff is ofttimes responsible for enforcing ceremonious law within the jurisdiction.
• In Canada, sheriffs exist in most provinces. The provincial sheriff services generally manage and transport court prisoners, serve court orders, and in some provinces sheriffs provide security for the court organization, protect public officials, support investigations by local police services and in Alberta, sheriffs deport out traffic enforcement.
• In Australia and South Africa sheriffs are legal officials like to bailiffs. In these countries in that location is no link maintained betwixt counties and sheriffs.
• In India, a sheriff is a largely ceremonial role in a few major cities.

Cracking United kingdom and Ireland [edit]

England, Wales and Northern Ireland [edit]

The Onetime English term designated a majestic official (a reeve) responsible for keeping the peace throughout a shire or canton on behalf of the king.^[half-dozen] The term was preserved in England withal the Norman Conquest.

Today, sheriff or high sheriff is a ceremonial county or urban center official. Some commercial organisations utilise the term to refer to High Court enforcement officers.^[7]

Scotland [edit]

In Scotland the sheriff is a judicial office holder in the sheriff courts, and they are members of the judiciary of Scotland.^[8]

Sheriffs master [edit]

The most senior sheriffs are the sheriffs primary, who have administrative likewise as judicial say-so in the 6 sheriffdoms, and are responsible for the effective running and administration of all the sheriff courts in their jurisdiction. Sheriffs main also sit as appeal sheriffs in the Sheriff Appeal Court; hearing appeals against sentencing and conviction from summary trials in the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts.^[nine] The additional duties of a sheriff principal include being Commissioners of the Northern Lighthouse Board (which is the general lighthouse authority for Scotland), and chairing local criminal justice boards which bring together local representatives of procurator fiscal, Police force Scotland and Community Justice Scotland, and Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service.^{[10] [11]}

Sheriffs [edit]

Sheriffs deal with the majority of civil and criminal court cases in Scotland, with the power to preside in solemn proceedings with a jury of 15 for indictable offences and sitting lonely in summary proceedings for summary offences. A sheriff must be legally qualified, and have been qualified every bit an abet or solicitor for at to the lowest degree x years. The maximum sentencing power of sheriff in summary proceedings is 12 months imprisonment, or a fine of up to £10,000. In solemn proceedings the maximum sentence is v years imprisonment, or an unlimited fine.^[8]

Sheriffs also preside over fatal accident inquiries which are convened to examine the circumstances around sudden or suspicious deaths, including those who die in the class of employment, in custody, or in secure accommodation.^{[12] [13]}

Summary sheriffs [edit]

Summary sheriffs hear civil cases brought under Simple Procedure and criminal cases brought under summary proceedings. Their sentencing powers are identical to a sheriff sitting in summary proceedings.^[14]

Republic of Ireland [edit]

In the Republic of Ireland, a sheriff (Irish: sirriam ^[xv]) is appointed nether section 12(iii) of the Courtroom Officers Act 1945, to perform some of the functions that would otherwise be performed by the county registrar.^{[16] [17] [eighteen]} In do, two types of sheriff take been appointed:^[sixteen]

• Four sheriffs (one each for Dublin city, Canton Dublin, Cork city, and Canton Cork) are full-fourth dimension public officials whose responsibilities are:^{[16] [eighteen] [19] [twenty]}
  1. enforcing court orders of the Excursion Courtroom, such as eviction or debt drove
  2. interim as returning officer in public elections
  3. executing tax certificates on behalf of the Revenue Commissioners.
• Twelve sheriffs, colloquially called "Revenue sheriffs", take simply the third of the preceding functions, the others beingness done by the canton registrar's office.^{[xvi] [21] [xx]} Revenue sheriffs are solicitors in private practice. Each covers ane or more of the state'south remaining counties grouped as follows: Carlow and Kildare; Cavan, Leitrim, Longford and Monaghan; Clare and Limerick; Donegal; Galway; Kerry; Kilkenny and Waterford; Laois, Offaly and Tipperary; Louth, Meath and Westmeath; Mayo; Roscommon and Sligo; and Wexford and Wicklow.^[21]

Prior to the 1922 creation of the Irish Gratuitous State, Irish constabulary regarding sheriffs mirrored that of England,^[16] latterly with each administrative county and county borough having a ceremonial Loftier Sheriff and functional under-sheriffs responsible for enforcing court orders of the county court or quarter sessions.^[16] The Courts of Justice Human activity 1924 replaced these courts with a new Circuit Court.^[22] The Court Officers Act 1926 formally abolished Loftier Sheriffs and phased out under-sheriffs by providing that, every bit each retired, his functions would be transferred to the county registrar, established past the 1926 act as an officer of the Circuit Courtroom.^{[xvi] [23]} When the Dublin metropolis under-sheriff retired in 1945, the metropolis registrar was too overworked with other responsibilities to have over his duties, so the Court Officers Human activity 1945 was passed to let a new office of sheriff to take over some or all of the nether-sheriff'south functions.^{[16] [17]} The four Dublin and Cork sheriffs were soon appointed, with much of the under-sheriff'south responsibilities.^[16] Acquirement sheriffs were introduced for the remainder of the state in the late 1980s as office of a crackdown on revenue enhancement evasion.^{[sixteen] [21]} In 1993 the Comptroller and Auditor General expressed business organisation that funds nerveless and held in trust by sheriffs on behalf of the Revenue Commissioners were at risk of commingling.^[24] This was reformed in 1998 past prohibiting sheriffs from retaining the interest earned on such monies and, to compensate, increasing their retainer.^[25] Through to the 1990s the sheriff's post was in the gift of the government minister for Justice, but by the 2010s it was advertised by the Public Appointments Service.^{[25] [xix] [xx]}

Australia [edit]

A sheriff'due south function exists in virtually Australian states and territories, with diverse duties.

• Before 1824, prisons in the British penal colony of New Due south Wales were overseen by the Provost Marshal. This title/position was replaced past that of Sheriff when a Charter of Justice was proclaimed in 1824.^[26] In addition to detaining accused criminals awaiting trial, the sheriff executed death sentences and other sentences, controlled gaols, and handled prison movements, including the chain gangs that worked on Goat Island and in Sydney.^[26] In 1867, the sheriff began to be replaced past an independent Prisons Department, led by an inspector full general, which was afterwards renamed comptroller general. Most Australian states adopted this way of prison oversight for many years.^[26] In New South Wales, the Office of the Sheriff is office of Courts and Tribunal Services. The part has more than than 400 employees at 58 sheriffs' offices. In add-on to enforcing writs, warrants, and property seizure orders issued by New Due south Wales courts and tribunals, the Function of the Sheriff also provides court security and administers the state'due south jury service.^[27]
• In Victoria, the sheriff'due south office is office of the Victoria Department of Justice and Regulation. The function enforces warrants and orders issued by Victoria courts dealing with unpaid fines (in criminal matters) and unpaid money judgments (in ceremonious matters).^[28] The Victoria sheriff's office has various enforcement powers against judgment debtors; they may seize and sell a debtor's assets to satisfy a judgment, identify a wheel clamp on a debtor'due south car, or direct VicRoads to suspend a debtor's driver's license or vehicle registration.^[29]
• The Sheriff of Western Commonwealth of australia – also known every bit the Sheriff of the Supreme Court, Marshal of the Family Courtroom and Align of the Federal Courtroom in Western Commonwealth of australia – is an officer of those courts, besides as the District Court and the Magistrates Court.^[30] The Sheriff has ii main roles.
  • "Enforcement services": managing the serving of courtroom documents, including summonses, and the execution of writs, warrants and orders to recover unpaid fines or debts resulting from courtroom judgments; as such, the Sheriff is as well responsible for the appointment of bailiffs – who carry out the above services on behalf of the Sheriff.
  • "Jury services": preparing jury books, which list people potentially available for jury duty, within 17 jury districts in Western Commonwealth of australia, as well as really summoning people to act as jurors in the Supreme and District courts. The Sheriff also investigates whatsoever failure by jurors to attend court and besides has responsibility for the day-to-day direction of juries sitting in the Perth metropolitan area.

North America [edit]

Canada [edit]

Most provinces and territories in Canada operate a sheriffs service. Sheriffs are primarily concerned with services such as courtroom security, mail-arrest prisoner transfer, serving legal processes and executing ceremonious judgements. Sheriffs are defined under department 2 of the Criminal Code as "peace officers". Sheriffs' duties in Ontario deal only with serving legal processes and executing civil judgments. They do not perform court security-related duties, which are handled by the police in which the courthouse is located (municipal and regional police services or the Ontario Provincial Law). In other parts of Canada, where sheriff's services do not exist, the Imperial Canadian Mounted Law perform these duties. Quebec has a two-tiered court security system where armed provincial special constables perform court security and the provincial correctional officers perform prisoner escort/transport duties.

Alberta [edit]

In 2006, the Province of Alberta expanded the duties^[31] of the Alberta Sheriffs Branch (the successor to the former Courts and Prisoner Security bureau) to include traffic enforcement, protective security and some investigation functions (Sheriffs Investigative Back up Unit and Safer Communities and Neighbourhoods Unit of measurement). Every bit of June 2008, the Alberta Sheriffs Co-operative traffic division includes 105 traffic sheriffs who are assigned to one of seven regions in the province. Sheriffs likewise assistance various law services in Alberta with prisoner management.

British Columbia [edit]

Nova Scotia [edit]

In the Province of Nova Scotia, the sheriffs service focuses on the safety and security of the judiciary, court staff, the public, and persons in custody. There are local sheriffs for every county in Nova Scotia, numbering over 200 in total. They work with up to 20,000 inmates and travel over 2 million kilometers in a year. Sheriffs are responsible for: courtroom security; the transportation of prisoners to and from institutions and all levels of court; the service of some civil and criminal documents; and the execution of court orders.^[32]

Quebec [edit]

In the Province of Quebec, sheriffs (shérifs) are responsible for the jury selection process.^[33]

United States [edit]

The office of sheriff as county official in colonial Northward America is recorded from the 1660s. In the mod United States, the scope of a sheriff varies across states and counties (which in Louisiana are called "parishes" and in Alaska "boroughs"). The sheriff is most often an elected county official who serves as the chief civilian constabulary enforcement officeholder of their jurisdiction. The sheriff enforces court orders and mandates and may perform duties such as evictions, seizing property and avails pursuant to courtroom orders, and serving warrants and legal papers. In some counties where urban areas have their ain constabulary departments, a sheriff may be restricted to civil process enforcement duties, while in other counties, the sheriff may serve as the principal constabulary force and have jurisdiction over all of the county'southward municipalities, including those operating their own police departments. A sheriff often administers the canton jails and is responsible for court security functions within their jurisdiction.

India [edit]

Amid cities in India, but Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras), the three former British Presidencies, have had a Sheriff. Get-go established in the 1700s based on the English High Sheriffs, they were the executive arm of the Judiciary, responsible for assembling jurors, bringing people to trial, supervising the gaoling (imprisonment) of prisoners and seizing and selling belongings. After the mid-1800s the responsibilities and powers of the role were reduced and the positions became ceremonial. The Sheriffs of Bombay and Kolkata still be, although the post in Chennai was abolished in 1998.

In present times the sheriff has an apolitical, non-executive role, presides over various urban center-related functions and conferences and welcomes foreign guests. The post is second to the mayor in the protocol list.

South Africa [edit]

In S Africa, the sheriffs are officers of the court and function as the executive arm of the court. They are responsible for serving court processes similar summonses and subpoenas. They play an important role in the execution of court orders like the attachments of immovable and movable property; evictions, demolitions etc.

The Sheriffs Act 90 of 1986, which came into operation on 1 March 1990, governs the profession. A sheriff is appointed by the Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development in terms of Section 2 of the Act.^[34]

[edit]

Republic of iceland [edit]

In Iceland, sýslumenn (atypical sýslumaður , translated "sheriff")^[35] are administrators of the state, holders of the executive power in their jurisdiction and heads of their Sheriff's Role. Sheriffs are in charge of sure legal matters that typically involve registration of some sort and executing the orders of the court. The duties of the sheriffs differ slightly depending on their jurisdiction but they can be broadly categorised every bit:

• Duties of all sheriffs: marital matters (such as general registration of marital condition and performing civil marriages), statutory matters, inheritance matters and more.^[36]

• Duties of all sheriffs except in Reykjavík: collection of public fees, publication of licences and permits for diverse personal and concern purposes and more than.^[37]

• Special duties of some sheriffs: in some jurisdictions the sheriff is also the commissioner of law.^[38]

There are 24 sheriffs and sheriff jurisdictions in Republic of iceland. The jurisdictions are not defined by the administrative divisions of Iceland merely are mainly a mixture of counties and municipalities.

The post of sheriff was mandated by the Erstwhile Covenant, an understanding betwixt the Icelandic Democracy and the Kingdom of Norway. The agreement which was ratified between 1262 and 1264 makes the mail service of sheriff the oldest secular position of government withal operating in Republic of iceland.^[39]

Encounter also [edit]

• Police force
• Sheriff of Nottingham

References [edit]

Look upward sheriff in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

1. ^ "History of the Sheriff". North Carolina Sheriffs' Association . Retrieved 11 June 2021.
2. ^ "Sheriff". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 11 June 2021.
3. ^ "Definition of SHRIEVALTY".
4. ^ "Sheriff Courts and Sheriffdoms in Scotland - Scots Law". Kevin F Crombie. 2009. Retrieved xix April 2017.
5. ^ "Sheriffs - Judicial Function Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2018-08-17. Retrieved 2015-04-07 .
6. ^ "Online Etymology Lexicon".
7. ^ "The Sheriffs Are Coming". BBC . Retrieved viii July 2019.
8. ^ ^{a b} "Sheriffs - Judicial Office Holders - About the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland". www.scotland-judiciary.org.great britain. Judicial Function for Scotland. 2017. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved three April 2017.
9. ^ Judicial Role for Scotland (March 2016). "The Function of Sheriff Principal". www.judicialappointments.scot. Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. Retrieved iv April 2017.
10. ^ "Schedule 8 of Merchant Aircraft Act 1995". www.legislation.gov.uk. The National Athenaeum. 19 July 1995. Retrieved ii April 2017.
11. ^ "Local Criminal Justice Boards". www.gov.scot. Scottish Government. 3 April 2006. Retrieved two April 2017.
12. ^ "Fatal Accidents and Sudden Deaths Inquiry (Scotland) Act 1976". Legislation.gov.uk. xiii April 1976. Retrieved xix Feb 2017.
13. ^ Judicial Role for Scotland. "The Office of Sheriff" (DOC). www.judicialappointments.scot. Judicial Appointments Board for Scotland. p. 9. Retrieved 4 April 2017. 34) The sheriff is required to make certain findings and is empowered to make recommendations to avoid a recurrence of the incident.
14. ^ "Summary Sheriffs - Judicial Office Holders - Most the Judiciary - Judiciary of Scotland". www.scotland-judiciary.org.u.k.. Judicial Function for Scotland. 2017. Retrieved 3 Apr 2017.
15. ^ Foras na Gaeilge. "sheriff". téarma.ie. Dublin City University. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
16. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Hyland, Paul (5 August 2012). "Explainer: Who and what are Republic of ireland's sheriffs?". TheJournal.ie . Retrieved 11 July 2019.
17. ^ ^{a b} Courtroom Officers Act 1945, s.12
18. ^ ^{a b} "Role of County Registrar". Courts Service of Ireland. Retrieved xi July 2019.
19. ^ ^{a b} Sheehan, Maeve (22 December 2013). "Good, bad and ugly side of existence the urban center's sheriff". Lord's day Independent . Retrieved 11 July 2019.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Nick, Callan (xxx November 2018). "Government makes appointments to Sheriff posts". merrionstreet.ie (Press release). Retrieved eleven July 2019.
21. ^ ^{a b c} "Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. - Revenue Sheriffs". Dáil Éireann (25th Dáil) debates. Oireachtas. 17 February 1988. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
22. ^ Courts of Justice Act 1924, ss. 37, 51
23. ^ Courtroom Officers Act 1926 ss.35, 38, 52, 54
24. ^ "Written Answers. - Drove of Moneys by Sheriffs". Dáil Éireann (27th Dáil) proceedings (in Ga). Oireachtas. fifteen June 1993. Retrieved xix July 2019.
25. ^ ^{a b} O'Donoghue, John (24 June 1999). "Courts (Supplemental Provisions) (Subpoena) Beak, 1999: Second Phase". Dáil Éireann (28th Dáil) debates. Oireachtas. Retrieved xix July 2019. ; "S.I. No. 314/1998 - Sheriffs' Fees and Expenses Order, 1998". electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) . Retrieved 19 July 2019.
26. ^ ^{a b c} Sean O'Toole, The History of Australian Corrections (University of New South Wales Press, 2006) p. 48.
27. ^ Office of the Sheriff of New South Wales, Government of New South Wales (accessed August 20, 2016).
28. ^ Sheriffs in Victoria, Victoria Section of Justice and Regulation (accessed August 20, 2016).
29. ^ Sheriff enforcement powers, Victoria Section of Justice and Regulation (accessed August twenty, 2016).
30. ^ Full general, Department of the Chaser. "Sheriff of Western Commonwealth of australia".
31. ^ "Alberta sheriffs make highway debut this weekend". CBC. September ane, 2006. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-03 .
32. ^ "Sheriff Services - novascotia.ca".
33. ^ ICI.Radio-Canada.ca, Zone Société-. "Être shérif en 2017 : l'art de constituer et d'encadrer un jury". Radio-Canada.ca (in Canadian French). Retrieved 2021-04-07 .
34. ^ "South.A. Board for Sheriffs". sheriffs.org.za . Retrieved 2021-06-04 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
35. ^ "Sheriff in Icelandic - English-Icelandic Dictionary | Glosbe".
36. ^ "Verkefni allra sýslumanna" [Tasks of all sheriffs] (in Icelandic). Retrieved 31 January 2012.
37. ^ "Verkefni sýslumanna utan Reykjavíkur" [Tasks of sheriffs outside Reykjavík] (in Icelandic). Retrieved 31 January 2012.
38. ^ "Sérstök verkefni sýslumanna" [Special tasks of sheriffs] (in Icelandic). Archived from the original on 29 June 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2012.
39. ^ "Saga sýslumanna" [History of sheriffs] (in Icelandic). Retrieved 31 Jan 2012. Sýslumanna er fyrst getið hérlendis í einu handriti að sáttmála þeim sem Íslendingar gerðu við Noregskonung og öðlaðist staðfestingu á árunum 1262 til 1264 og síðar var nefndur Gamli sáttmáli, en með sáttmála þessum má segja að Íslendingar hafi gerst þegnar Noregskonungs. Eru sýslumenn elstu veraldlegu embættismenn sem enn starfa hérlendis og hafa alla tíð verið mikilvægur hluti stjórnsýslunnar.

External links [edit]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff

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